Case Study Name (Landowner)

Deer fencing in an old-growth northern mixed mesic forest: 17-year results (The Nature Conservancy)

Stand Information
Fenced area (right) and non-fenced area (left).
State or Province: 
Minnesota
Nearest city or town: 
Two Harbors, MN
Describe the location: 
Ten kilometers of the Lake Superior shoreline form the southern boundary of the study area.
Landowner: 
The Nature Conservancy
Cover-type: 
Mixed Woods
MN ECS Native Plant Community System: 
Other MN ECS
Plant community or habitat classification and growth stage: 
Located in the North Shore Highlands subsection of the Minnesota Ecological Classification System.
Forest Health Threats: 
Deer
Silviculture System: 
Other Silviculture System
Brief silvicultural objective: 
To determine long-term trends in forest vegetation by installing fencing treatments.
Soils: 
Part of the Nemadji–Duluth Lacustrine Plain, soils are typically deep, moderate to well-drained clays with shallow, rocky, well-drained soils on the ridges.
Overview

Fencing treatments were established from 1987 to 1990 to protect vegetation from deer and snowshoe hare browse. Three rectangular exclosures 0.62 acres in size have been monitored since exclosures were established.

Silviculture Objective(s)

To determine long-term trends in forest dynamics by installing and monitoring vegetation in fencing treatments.

Pre-treatment stand description and condition
Pre-treatment species composition: 

The matrix upland forest was composed of northern mesic mixed forest, which included varying mixtures of quaking aspen, paper birch, balsam fir, white spruce, white pine and white cedar. Tree species composition did not differ between fenced and unfenced treatments.

Pre-treatment growth and stocking: 

In 1991, very shortly after the exclosures were installed, stem density for live trees greater than 1.0 inch was similar across both treatments: 655 trees per acre in the unfenced treatment and 541 trees per acre in the fenced treatment. Basal area was similar across both treatments: 67 square feet per acre in the unfenced treatment and 48 square feet per acre in the fenced treatment.

Pre-treatment forest health issues: 

Deer browse was evident across the stand at the start of the treatment.

Silviculture Prescription

Three 0.62-acre, rectangular exclosures were established within the  site from 1987 to 1990; exclosure A in 1987, exclosure B in 1988, and exclosure C in 1990. Fences were constructed from 4-inch x 4-inch steel wire mesh. The fence was 8.2 feet high and was regularly monitored and maintained. Plastic mesh (5 ft high, 1.0-in x 3.0-in) was attached to the base of each fence in 1991 to exclude snowshoe hare. In 1991 three reference or unprotected 0.62-acre plots were located in similar vegetation conditions directly adjacent to the fenced exclosures. 

What actually happened during the treatment

Fencing was regularly monitored and maintained throughout the 17 years.

Post-treatment assessment

In 2008, 17 years after the fencing was installed, stem density for live trees greater than 1.0 inch was 1303 trees per acre in the unfenced treatment and 1958 trees per acre in the fenced treatment. Basal area was 100 square feet per acre in the unfenced treatment and 108 square feet per acre in the fenced treatment. Black ash and white pine in fenced plots had significantly higher mean density gains relative to unfenced treatments. Aspen also showed a significant increase in the 2 to 4-inch diameter class. White cedar in fenced plots gained in the <2.0 inch class.

Summary / lessons learned / additional thoughts

The overall results show a strong contrast between fenced and unfenced plots in composition, structure and productivity and demonstrate the long-term legacy of elevated deer browsing. Important species such as white cedar and white pine are failing to regenerate in unfenced areas and may not replace their counterparts in the canopy as non-preferred browse species slowly become more dominant.

Much more detail on this study is in White, M.A. 2012. Long-term effects of deer browsing: Composition, structure and productivity in a northeastern Minnesota old-growth forest. Forest Ecology and Management 269: 222-228. 

This case study was developed with support from the United States Department of Agriculture's National Institute for Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA), Renewable Resources Extension Act (RREA). Project #MIN-44-E02, principal investigator Eli Sagor, University of Minnesota.

Photographs
Large downed woody debris in project area.Fenced area (right) and non-fenced area (left) .View of Lake Superior from nearby scenic overlook in fall.Northern white cedar and balsam fir.Looking through wire deer fence.Deer browse on young hardwoods outside of exclosure.Vigorous white pine and aspen growing inside the exclosure.
Keywords
deer browse
herbivory
fencing
exclosure
northern Minnesota
SilvFH
silv-FH
NIFA
North Shore
#NIFAimpacts
Biography
Name: 
Mark White
Organization: 
The Nature Conservancy
Title: 
Forest Ecologist
Email: 
mark_white@tnc.org
Citation: 

White, M. 2017. Deer fencing in an old-growth northern mixed mesic forest: 17-year results (The Nature Conservancy). Great Lakes Silviculture Library. University of Minnesota. Cloquet, MN. Available: https://silvlib.cfans.umn.edu/content/deer-fencing-old-growth-northern-m...