Case Study Name (Landowner)

Sawbill Monitoring Project: Inventorying White Pine 10-15 years after Mechanical Site Prep and Planting (USFS)

Stand Information
Young white pine, paper birch, jack pine, mountain ash, balsam fir in the foreground. Residual mature white pine in the background.
State or Province: 
Minnesota
Nearest city or town: 
Tofte
Describe the location: 
Sawbill Project Area, Tofte Ranger District, Superior National Forest.
Landowner: 
US Forest Service
Cover-type: 
Pine
MN ECS Native Plant Community System: 
Fire Dependent
Plant community or habitat classification and growth stage: 
FDn43a
Forest Health Threats: 
Deer
Invasive plants competing vegetation
Estimated year of stand origin: 
2004
Silviculture System: 
Clearcut
Brief silvicultural objective: 
Establish white pine as a dominant overstory species.
Soils: 
Well-drained silt loam, big rocks present at soil surface
Stand area: 
85 acres
Treatment area: 
85 acres
Overview

The Superior National Forest’s silviculture prescriptions are part of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The NEPA process includes proposal development, environmental analysis, and implementation of proposed activities. After the NEPA decision notice is finalized, the silviculture activities can begin in a given project area.

These NEPA prescriptions usually start with stands in mature forest condition. The regeneration harvest method is designated, followed by how the stand will be regenerated. Tending and intermediate treatments are completed based on need and whether funds are available to complete these types of activities. Five years after a timber harvest, stands are usually certified as reforested. Once stands have been certified, they may not be revisited for many years. However, the Superior National Forest would like to inventory reforested stands at 10-20 years after reforestation to determine if prescription objectives are being met.

There are several items that I would like to discuss. First, what was the desired future condition and the prescription for these stands? Management in the past was often more concerned with generating revenue from standing timber rather than desired future conditions. Consequently, the desired future condition and silviculture prescription can be hard to determine. For that reason, in this study I have recreated the desired future condition and silviculture prescription for the 3 study stands based on pretreatment stand conditions, management history, and current stand conditions. The second item is, does the prescription fit the site from an ecological stand point? Why or why not and how so? Third and finally, what would I do differently, and why?

Silviculture Objective(s)

• Even-aged white pine stand.
• White pine is the dominant conifer species present, accounting for at least 300 trees per acre and 50% of species composition.
• Paper birch, red pine, quaking aspen, balsam fir, white spruce, and tamarack are regenerating in the stand and contribute to tree species diversity.
• The trees in the stand are growing at an optimum rate and are resilient to insect and disease attacks.

Pre-treatment stand description and condition
Stand establishment and management history: 

Original Prescription: Harvest fir and blister rust White Pine. Underburn for site preparation. Seeding.

1998: PU 3 Rusty Geezer sale roller chop and some burn scarification before the blowdown

2003: Stand Clearcut, Corn Dog Two. Mechanical Site Prep for Planting

2004: Trees planted, white pine and red pine bare root at a density of 500 trees per acre (tpa)

2005: 1st year stocking survey 83% stocked, 100% survival

2006: tree release and weed

2007: 3rd year stocking survey 78% stocked, 100% survival; certified

2010: pruned

Pre-treatment growth and stocking: 

Mature white pine, fully stocked (> 70 ft2/acre BA), 12” dbh. Stand has been thinned in the past, but not currently regenerating. Mostly brush. Blowdown event prior to 1998. 2001: 50 ft2/acre BA, but 10-20 ft2/acre in another reference. Understory of merchantable fir, with scattered concentrated 6-10 ft. tall fir, with spruce budworm mortality. Stand is setting itself up for stand replacing fire.

Pre-treatment forest health issues: 

Moose beds, scat, and browse abundant. White pine leaf adelgid present, and some white pine weevil damage, but minor damage observed. Moderate snow damage resulting in some deformed/leaning white pine.

Landowner objectives/situation: 

Short-term objectives:
• Eliminate white pine blister rust and spruce budworm and reduce hazardous fuels.
• Establish a young white pine stand, but increase species diversity by allowing hardwood and other conifer species to regenerate in the stand.
• Maintain native vegetation communities in a forested condition.
• Maintain and improve wildlife habitat.
• Provide sustainable timber products to local operators.
Long-term objectives:
• Fully stocked, mature, healthy white pine stand.
• Maintain or enhance species diversity.
• Maintain a strong conifer component in the stand. Recruit potential snags and downed wood into the stand.

Silviculture Prescription

Regeneration Harvest –
Primary treatment – Clearcut with reserves. Reserve 5% of stand area as a legacy of clumps of trees. Reserve clumps shall, wherever possible, be at least 2 acres in size with a basal area of 80 ft2/acre or more and a dbh of 6” or more. Reserve single trees shall be scattered throughout the stand and retained at a density of approximately 6 to 12 trees per acre. Reserve trees shall be windfirm and selected in order of preference as: white pine, red pine, white spruce, quaking aspen, paper birch, and balsam fir.
Secondary treatment – Mechanically prepare the site for planting via tractor scarification. Scarify the ground to expose mineral soil and remove competing vegetation. Equipment shall work the soil to a depth of 3-4” on average.
Regeneration – Plant white pine at a density of 300 tpa. Plant red pine at a density of 200 tpa. Natural regeneration of white pine, paper birch, quaking aspen, balsam fir, white spruce, and tamarack.
Intermediate Treatments – Release red and white pine from deciduous competition so that conifers maintain a growth advantage over deciduous growth, especially brush. Release best formed red and white pine (those with no damage or disease, upright, straight, single stems) that are spaced approximately 8’ x 8’, but prioritize healthy trees over exact spacing. Use brush saws to clear all vegetation within a 2 foot radius of healthy red and white pine regeneration. Prune lower branches of white pine to help prevent white pine blister rust infection of regenerating trees.

Post-treatment assessment

Forest Type: White pine (with paper birch component). DBH: 2", Height: 15 feet; Density: 3,600 TPA

White pine: high density, even distribution, 3” dbh, 12 ft tall, 50% of composition
Paper Birch: high density, even distribution, 2” dbh, 20 ft tall, 30% of composition
Red Pine: moderate-low density, patchy distribution, 3” dbh, 15 ft tall, 10% of composition
Quaking aspen: low density, even distribution, 2” dbh, 20 ft tall, <10% of composition
Balsam Fir, White Spruce, Tamarack: very-low density, patchy distribution, 4” dbh, 15 ft tall, <10% of composition
Brush: high density (9,167 stems/acre), even distribution, but crop trees have grown above brush height
Residual Overstory: scattered white pine 10-24” dbh (average 14”), 75’ tall, 10 ft2/acre BA

Ecologically, current conditions are similar to an FDn43 stand at age 35-55, even though the stand is only 14 years old. Under natural conditions, catastrophic fires would occur a regular intervals, where aspen and jack pine would have been the first cohort of trees to regenerate in this stand. The aspen and jack pine would  eventually decline and be replaced by paper birch, white pine, red pine, and balsam fir. By planting red and white pine, management activities were able to eliminate the earliest ecological phase in this stand. The prescription for this stand fits the Native Plant Community type quite well. The regenerating trees are well-stocked, diverse, compositionally an excellent match for this NPC type and are relatively healthy.

Plans for future treatments

This stand looks excellent. Therefore, I have no recommendations for improving this prescription. Currently, the stand should be left to grow, but it should be monitored periodically (every 5 to 10 years) to ensure tree health is maintained. There is an outbreak of White pine leaf adelgid that has recently been identified on the Tofte Ranger District. The aphids were observed in the stand, but are not currently causing any mortality. When the paper birch have reached maturity (35 to 65 years from now) it will likely make economic sense to harvest the birch, but leave the white pine to continue to grow.

Other notes

This case study was developed with support from the United States Department of Agriculture's National Institute for Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA), Renewable Resources Extension Act (RREA). Project #MIN-44-E02, principal investigator Eli Sagor, University of Minnesota.

Summary / lessons learned / additional thoughts

The purpose of the Sawbill Monitoring project was to review the previous prescription for a stand and answer three questions. The first question addressed the desired future condition and the prescription, following which I recreated the desired future condition and silviculture prescription based on pretreatment stand conditions, management history, and current stand conditions. The second question to answer was, does the prescription fit the site from an ecological stand point? Why or why not and how so? Third and finally, what would I do differently, and why? These three case studies also addressed a need to revisit stands at a more regular interval to determine if action needs to be taken. If a stand is certified regenerated and then not visited for decades the window for intermediate treatments may pass forest managers by and result in degraded quality when it comes time to harvest. Rather, revisiting a stand 10-20 years after its regeneration certification allows foresters to determine if prescription objectives are being met. 

This original prescription for this stand was well suited to its NPC and the crop trees appear to be growing well and are relatively healthy. 

Photographs
Figure 1: Young aspen, paper birch, and, balsam fir.Figure 2: Signs of White pine leaf adelgid on some shoots of a young white pine.Figure 3: Surface boulder.Figure 4: Brush in the foreground, with young and residual white pine in the background.Figure 5: Brush in the foreground, with young white pine and paper birch and residual white pine in the background.
Keywords
silv-FH
SilvFH
NIFA
white pine
Sawbill
Superior
Tofte
moose
browse
white pine leaf adelgid
Biography
Name: 
Sarah Poznanovic
Organization: 
US Forest Service
Address: 
2020 West Highway 61
Grand Marais , MN 55604 ,
Email: 
sarah.k.poznanovic@usda.gov
Name: 
Lane Moser (editor)
Organization: 
University of Minnesota Department of Forest Resources
Title: 
Graduate Student
Email: 
rlmoser2@gmail.com
Citation: 

Poznanovic, S. 2019. Sawbill Monitoring Project: Inventorying White Pine 10-15 years after Mechanical Site Prep and Planting (USFS). Great Lakes Silviculture Library. University of Minnesota. Cloquet, MN. Available: https://silvlib.cfans.umn.edu/content/sawbill-monitoring-project-invento...